Machine learning (ML)

Rather than programming “an email with these words is spam”, you show a machine learning system thousands of emails labelled spam or not spam, and it works out the patterns itself. The result is an AI model that can judge new emails.

The main approaches are supervised learning (learning from labelled answers), unsupervised learning (finding structure without labels) and reinforcement learning (learning by trial and reward). Deep learning is machine learning with large neural networks.